Experiments show that at very high pressures, diamonds crystallize. Therefore, it can be concluded they are formed by geological processes at great depth within the earth, generally more than 150 kilometers down, and beneath the mantle.
Other processes bring diamonds to the surface where people can find them. It can actually form in the earth’s interior but not near the surface the stable form of carbon is graphite.
From diamond searches, it was determined that most come from kimberlite pipes in the oldest portions of the continent – also nuclear portions where one can find 1.5 billion year old basement rocks.
Cratons, which are the oldest parts of continents, have two terranes: the Archean-age archons (older than 2,500 million years) and the Protozoric-age protons (1,600 – 2,500 million years old). Most diamond rich pipes are found in the archons though Kimberlite pipes occur in many parts of the continental crust. This raises the theory that most diamonds were formed and stored deep below the cratons, then later transported by kimberlite and lamproite magmas to the surface.
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